5.1 What Is Logic?

LogicThe study of correct reasoning. is the study of correct reasoning. When somebody says “you are not being logical”, what they essentially mean is that you are not correctly using reason. However, most people do not formally study how to build logically correct and consistent arguments.

Why Study Logic?

Logic underpins almost all disciplines, providing us with the tools to think clearly, solve problems, and analyse arguments, and so it is an important skill to learn. Studies in Logic focus on evaluating arguments and learning how to structure arguments so they are clear, consistent, and valid.

Figure 16. A head with logical symbols inside it.

For those studying Philosophy, taking a Logic class can feel quite different to the other branches. However, studying Logic is important as it helps us to:

• Avoid faulty reasoning and logical flaws.
• Think critically and evaluate arguments.
• Solve practical problems by identifying consistent and reliable patterns of thought.

In Logic, an argument is not about fighting or debating; it’s a structured way of presenting our reasoning that consists of:

1. Premises: Statements or reasons that provide support for a conclusion.
2. Conclusion: The claim that the premises aim to justify.

The aim of logic is to determine whether an argument is:

1. Valid: Structured properly. An argument is deemed valid if the conclusion logically follows from the premises, regardless of whether the premises are true.
2. Sound: It is valid and it is based on true premises.