The process by which an unspecialised cell develops into a specialised cell with a specific function.

A thin, partially permeable barrier surrounding the cell that controls movement of substances in and out.

A weak solution of sugars and salts found in the vacuole of plant cells.

The development of specific structures in a cell to enable it to perform a particular function.

A rigid outer layer that strengthens and supports the cell; made of cellulose in plants and peptidoglycan in bacteria.

A green pigment found in chloroplasts that absorbs light energy for photosynthesis.

An organelle found in plant cells where photosynthesis occurs.

A structure made of DNA that carries genetic information.

A single loop of DNA found free in the cytoplasm of prokaryotic cells.

A visible cluster of microorganisms growing on an agar plate, usually originating from one bacterium.

A difference in concentration between two areas.

A Petri dish treated with sterile water instead of an antimicrobial substance for comparison in experiments.

A jelly-like substance in cells where most chemical reactions occur.